Earth science

A. Differentiate Coulomb’s and Rankine’s Theories B. Collect the data of at least 5 retaining walls constructed in Pakistan. The details should include the following information. 1. Type and purpose of the wall 2. Technical specification 3. Materials used 4. Current status (Stable/maintained/upgraded) 5. location with photographic evidence 6. your suggestions for improvement or comments on the flaws if exist.

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EXPERT ANSWER A. Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory. The Rankine’s theory assumes that there is no wall friction (δ=0) , the ground and failure surfaces are straight planes, and that the resultant force acts parallel to the backfill slope. Rankine’s Theory At Rest Earth Pressure: The at-rest earth pressure coefficient (Ko) is applicable for determining the …

A. Differentiate Coulomb’s and Rankine’s Theories B. Collect the data of at least 5 retaining walls constructed in Pakistan. The details should include the following information. 1. Type and purpose of the wall 2. Technical specification 3. Materials used 4. Current status (Stable/maintained/upgraded) 5. location with photographic evidence 6. your suggestions for improvement or comments on the flaws if exist. Read More »

Problem 1 (River crossing with a middle island!). On one bank of a river are four missionaries and four cannibals. There is one boat available that can hold up to two people and that they would like to use to cross the river. The river contains a middle island that can be used to assist the movement of missionaries and cannibals across the river. (Here we are allowed to cross from bank-to-bank without stopping at the middle island. If this were not allowed, we could not transport two cannibals across if a missionary were on the middle island.) If the cannibals ever outnumber the missionaries on either of the river’s banks, the missionaries will get eaten. How can the boat be used to safely carry all the missionaries and cannibals across the river? m 8 ISLAND LEFT SHORE RIGHT SHORE a. Solve the riddle by drawing a diagram indicating the movement of missionaries and cannibals. Record the number of movements used. b. (Bonus) Solve the original riddle with the assumption that shore-to-shore travel is not allowed (i.e., you must stop at the middle island). Does this change the number of movements used? c. (Bonus) Solve the riddle with N = 5 missionaries and N = 5 cannibals (without and with shore-to-shore movement) d. (Bonus) Attempts at implementing a search algorithm (in a language of your choice) to construct a path from initial state to end state in the Missionaries and Cannibals (+ Middle Island) Riddle? 1

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EXPERT ANSWER Solution: a.) The solution to this problem is represented in the form of diagram as in the image attached. Total no. of movements used were : 28 [by using middle island] This can further reduced to 26 movements by skipping 11th and 12th movement as depicted in image. c.) The riddle solution is present with or …

Problem 1 (River crossing with a middle island!). On one bank of a river are four missionaries and four cannibals. There is one boat available that can hold up to two people and that they would like to use to cross the river. The river contains a middle island that can be used to assist the movement of missionaries and cannibals across the river. (Here we are allowed to cross from bank-to-bank without stopping at the middle island. If this were not allowed, we could not transport two cannibals across if a missionary were on the middle island.) If the cannibals ever outnumber the missionaries on either of the river’s banks, the missionaries will get eaten. How can the boat be used to safely carry all the missionaries and cannibals across the river? m 8 ISLAND LEFT SHORE RIGHT SHORE a. Solve the riddle by drawing a diagram indicating the movement of missionaries and cannibals. Record the number of movements used. b. (Bonus) Solve the original riddle with the assumption that shore-to-shore travel is not allowed (i.e., you must stop at the middle island). Does this change the number of movements used? c. (Bonus) Solve the riddle with N = 5 missionaries and N = 5 cannibals (without and with shore-to-shore movement) d. (Bonus) Attempts at implementing a search algorithm (in a language of your choice) to construct a path from initial state to end state in the Missionaries and Cannibals (+ Middle Island) Riddle? 1 Read More »

Study on Solar Energy Resources in Oman Solar energy is a vital and strategic solution for the provision of electric power in the Sultanate of Oman. Given the vast unused land and available solar energy resources, Oman has an excellent potential for solar energy development and deployment. Solar energy is a viable option in Oman and could not only cater to the growing need for energy diversification but also would help in economic diversification. Prepare a useful and organized report that includes the following points: Background on Study. ► Purpose of the Study. ► Key information for Oman: • Solar energy activities in Oman • Conventional energy resources in Oman Solar Energy Technologies. Cost of electricity generation in Oman: • Generation based on conventional fuels • Generation based on renewable energy • Overview of generation costs in Oman Market for renewable energy in Oman: • Barriers • Renewable energy industry, Market players • Awareness Solar pilot projects. Conclusions. ► Recommendations. > References.

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EXPERT ANSWER Oman has the highest solar density in the world. Solar power also has the potential to provide enough electricity to meet Oman’s national electricity demand. So far, solar energy has only been used to heat water on private roofs and in the oil production industry. Studies on renewable energy in Oman estimate solar …

Study on Solar Energy Resources in Oman Solar energy is a vital and strategic solution for the provision of electric power in the Sultanate of Oman. Given the vast unused land and available solar energy resources, Oman has an excellent potential for solar energy development and deployment. Solar energy is a viable option in Oman and could not only cater to the growing need for energy diversification but also would help in economic diversification. Prepare a useful and organized report that includes the following points: Background on Study. ► Purpose of the Study. ► Key information for Oman: • Solar energy activities in Oman • Conventional energy resources in Oman Solar Energy Technologies. Cost of electricity generation in Oman: • Generation based on conventional fuels • Generation based on renewable energy • Overview of generation costs in Oman Market for renewable energy in Oman: • Barriers • Renewable energy industry, Market players • Awareness Solar pilot projects. Conclusions. ► Recommendations. > References. Read More »

10. Imagine a parcel of air that has a temperature of 40°C at the surface and a dew-point temperature of 20°C at the lifting condensation level. Assume that the environmental lapse rate is 8°C per 1000 meters, the dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10°C per 1000 meters, and the wet adiabatic lapse rate is 6°C/1000 meters. In Table C, record the environmental temperature, the parcel temperature, and the temperature difference (parcel temperature minus the environmental temperature) and then determine whether the atmosphere is stable or unstable at each height. a. What is the height of the lifting condensation level? b. Does this example describe absolute stability, absolute instability, or conditional instability? c. Would you forecast thunderstorms under these conditions?

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EXPERT ANSWER see when air reaches its dew point then we have to switch on the wet adiabatic dry rate. up to 2000m, the air is above dew point so we subtract dry adiabatic rate(10) however when it reaches dew point we start to subtract the wet rate(6). answer1: 2000meter is height of condenstation lifting. …

10. Imagine a parcel of air that has a temperature of 40°C at the surface and a dew-point temperature of 20°C at the lifting condensation level. Assume that the environmental lapse rate is 8°C per 1000 meters, the dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10°C per 1000 meters, and the wet adiabatic lapse rate is 6°C/1000 meters. In Table C, record the environmental temperature, the parcel temperature, and the temperature difference (parcel temperature minus the environmental temperature) and then determine whether the atmosphere is stable or unstable at each height. a. What is the height of the lifting condensation level? b. Does this example describe absolute stability, absolute instability, or conditional instability? c. Would you forecast thunderstorms under these conditions? Read More »

10. Imagine a parcel of air that has a temperature of 40°C at the surface and a dew-point temperature of 20°C at the lifting condensation level. Assume that the environmental lapse rate is 8°C per 1000 meters, the dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10°C per 1000 meters, and the wet adiabatic lapse rate is 6°C/1000 meters. In Table C, record the environmental temperature, the parcel temperature, and the temperature difference (parcel temperature minus the environmental temperature) and then determine whether the atmosphere is stable or unstable at each height. a. What is the height of the lifting condensation level? b. Does this example describe absolute stability, absolute instability, or conditional instability? c. Would you forecast thunderstorms under these conditions? TABLE Height Parcel Environmental Temperature Stable or (meters) Temperature oTemperature differenceunstable (Parcel 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Surface 40°C 40°C O°C Stable

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EXPERT ANSWER see when air reaches its dew point then we have to switch on the wet adiabatic dry rate. up to 2000m, the air is above dew point so we subtract dry adiabatic rate(10) however when it reaches dew point we start to subtract the wet rate(6). answer1: 2000meter is height of condenstation lifting. …

10. Imagine a parcel of air that has a temperature of 40°C at the surface and a dew-point temperature of 20°C at the lifting condensation level. Assume that the environmental lapse rate is 8°C per 1000 meters, the dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10°C per 1000 meters, and the wet adiabatic lapse rate is 6°C/1000 meters. In Table C, record the environmental temperature, the parcel temperature, and the temperature difference (parcel temperature minus the environmental temperature) and then determine whether the atmosphere is stable or unstable at each height. a. What is the height of the lifting condensation level? b. Does this example describe absolute stability, absolute instability, or conditional instability? c. Would you forecast thunderstorms under these conditions? TABLE Height Parcel Environmental Temperature Stable or (meters) Temperature oTemperature differenceunstable (Parcel 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Surface 40°C 40°C O°C Stable Read More »

Ecological balance is the equilibrium between living organisms such as human, animals, plants and environment. Explain how this ecological balance is disturbed by natural disasters like floods, tornadoes, cyclones, wildfire etc. Also, what steps do you think need to be taken for maintaining a balance in the ecosystem? (500 words)

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EXPERT ANSWER There is a relation between ecological balance and natural disasters. Natural disasters had a negative impact on ecological balance. Natural disasters lead to the collapse of humans animals and environment. It destructs the relation between human beings with environment and animals. Natural disasters leads to destruction before and also after. The experience result …

Ecological balance is the equilibrium between living organisms such as human, animals, plants and environment. Explain how this ecological balance is disturbed by natural disasters like floods, tornadoes, cyclones, wildfire etc. Also, what steps do you think need to be taken for maintaining a balance in the ecosystem? (500 words) Read More »

3A. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROCK HARDNESS AND ROCK STRENGTH IS: DEFINE EACH: (10) HARDNESS: (10) STRENGTH: 3B. WHAT IS THE GEOTECHNICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FOLDS IN A ROCK MASS: (15) -2- CE/GEOL 4454/5554 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY FINAL PROJECT FALL 2021 STUDENT ID: NAME: DATE: 3C. LIST THREE GEOTECHNICAL TEST METHODS TO ESTIMATE ROCK STRENGTH: (12) 3D. JOINT SET CONTINUITY AFFECTS WHAT LOOSENING LOAD PARAMETER? (15)

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EXPERT ANSWER 3A) Hardness is the capacity to resist against scratch. A mineral can be very hard yet still be easy to BREAK, Whereas roughness or strength is resistance to breaking. Taking the example of Diamond to understand it :- Diamond is a hardest mineral known. It will scratch every other mineral. But diamond is …

3A. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROCK HARDNESS AND ROCK STRENGTH IS: DEFINE EACH: (10) HARDNESS: (10) STRENGTH: 3B. WHAT IS THE GEOTECHNICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FOLDS IN A ROCK MASS: (15) -2- CE/GEOL 4454/5554 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY FINAL PROJECT FALL 2021 STUDENT ID: NAME: DATE: 3C. LIST THREE GEOTECHNICAL TEST METHODS TO ESTIMATE ROCK STRENGTH: (12) 3D. JOINT SET CONTINUITY AFFECTS WHAT LOOSENING LOAD PARAMETER? (15) Read More »

7A. IDENTIFY THE THREE FEATURES IN THE PHOTO BELOW: 1. (18) 2: 3: -6- CE GEOL 4454/5554 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY FINAL PROJECT FALL 2021 STUDENT ID NAME: DATE: 7B. IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC ROCK TYPE IN THE PHOTOGRAPH ON PAGE 5: (12) GNEISS SCHIST GRANITE GRAYWACKE 7C. IS DOLOMITE MORE OR LESS SOLUBLE THAN LIMESTONE? (10) MORE LESS 7D. A FAULT ZONE CONTAINING BROKEN AND CRUSHED FRAGMENTS WITH LITTLE OR NO CLAY IS EXPECTED TO EXHIBIT: CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS 7E. IN ORDER FOR A FAULT ZONE TO HAVE SWELLING BEHAVIOR, WHAT THREE GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS MUST BE PRESENT IN THE ROCK? (18) 7F. LIST THREE FEATURES USED TO IDENTIFY FAULTS IN ROCK CORE (18) -7- CE GEOL 4454/5554 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY NAME: FINAL PROJECT FALL 2021 DATE: STUDENT ID: 8A. WHAT IS THE SECOND STEP IN A GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION PROCESS FOR A TUNNEL PROJECT? GO TO THE SITE AND MAP DRILL BORE HOLES ALONG THE ROCK OUTCROPS THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT (12) OBTAIN ROCK SAMPLES AND STUDY THE GEOTECHNICAL PERFORM UNCONFINED LITERATURE IN THE AREA COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS SA. WHAT IS THE SECOND STEP IN A GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION PROCESS FOR A TUNNEL PROJECT? GO TO THE SITE AND MAP DRILL BORE HOLES ALONG THE ROCK OUTCROPS THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT (12) OBTAIN ROCK SAMPLES AND STUDY THE GEOTECHNICAL PERFORM UNCONFINED LITERATURE IN THE AREA COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS SB. DRAW THE TYPICAL JOINT BLOCK LOADING CONDITIONS EXPECTED TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN A TUNNEL DRIVEN IN A HORIZONTALLY BEDDED SEDIMENTARY ROCK: (32) CROSS-SECTION VIEW NORTH

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EXPERT ANSWER 7 A 1. Marble 2. Slate 3. Schist 7 Arock type will be gneiss. 7 C Dolomite are consider to be less slouble than limestone.This is because the dolomite has the mohs hardness ranges from 3.5 to 4 and the limestone has hardness of 3. 7.D Option B And Option D are the …

7A. IDENTIFY THE THREE FEATURES IN THE PHOTO BELOW: 1. (18) 2: 3: -6- CE GEOL 4454/5554 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY FINAL PROJECT FALL 2021 STUDENT ID NAME: DATE: 7B. IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC ROCK TYPE IN THE PHOTOGRAPH ON PAGE 5: (12) GNEISS SCHIST GRANITE GRAYWACKE 7C. IS DOLOMITE MORE OR LESS SOLUBLE THAN LIMESTONE? (10) MORE LESS 7D. A FAULT ZONE CONTAINING BROKEN AND CRUSHED FRAGMENTS WITH LITTLE OR NO CLAY IS EXPECTED TO EXHIBIT: CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS 7E. IN ORDER FOR A FAULT ZONE TO HAVE SWELLING BEHAVIOR, WHAT THREE GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS MUST BE PRESENT IN THE ROCK? (18) 7F. LIST THREE FEATURES USED TO IDENTIFY FAULTS IN ROCK CORE (18) -7- CE GEOL 4454/5554 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY NAME: FINAL PROJECT FALL 2021 DATE: STUDENT ID: 8A. WHAT IS THE SECOND STEP IN A GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION PROCESS FOR A TUNNEL PROJECT? GO TO THE SITE AND MAP DRILL BORE HOLES ALONG THE ROCK OUTCROPS THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT (12) OBTAIN ROCK SAMPLES AND STUDY THE GEOTECHNICAL PERFORM UNCONFINED LITERATURE IN THE AREA COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS SA. WHAT IS THE SECOND STEP IN A GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION PROCESS FOR A TUNNEL PROJECT? GO TO THE SITE AND MAP DRILL BORE HOLES ALONG THE ROCK OUTCROPS THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT (12) OBTAIN ROCK SAMPLES AND STUDY THE GEOTECHNICAL PERFORM UNCONFINED LITERATURE IN THE AREA COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS SB. DRAW THE TYPICAL JOINT BLOCK LOADING CONDITIONS EXPECTED TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN A TUNNEL DRIVEN IN A HORIZONTALLY BEDDED SEDIMENTARY ROCK: (32) CROSS-SECTION VIEW NORTH Read More »

2262 21 22 23 24 OWENS UD POWERHOUSE NO.12 Kwamo 626 F Е. S 28 Qb 26 TUNNEL NO. 2 TUNNE UD Tob vel ock Creek Guard Sta Qf 33 EM 6943 35 36 34 BM6811 395 7010 Rock 7246 Qs PLOT JOINT SET NO. 2 IN THE TUNNEL FACE – SHOW THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT – LABEL THE DIAGRAM. 1) TUNNEL ADVANCE

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EXPERT ANSWER Answer: Presuming the tunnel cross section provided is the one which is the nearest to the joint set plot. There we can observe that the at intersection between the tunnel and the joint set, the tunnel is striking parallel to the join set which is in the NW- SE direction. Refer to the …

2262 21 22 23 24 OWENS UD POWERHOUSE NO.12 Kwamo 626 F Е. S 28 Qb 26 TUNNEL NO. 2 TUNNE UD Tob vel ock Creek Guard Sta Qf 33 EM 6943 35 36 34 BM6811 395 7010 Rock 7246 Qs PLOT JOINT SET NO. 2 IN THE TUNNEL FACE – SHOW THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT – LABEL THE DIAGRAM. 1) TUNNEL ADVANCE Read More »

A structural component in the form of a wide plate is to be fabricated from a steel alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 98.9 MPa root m (90 ksi root in.) and a yield strength of 860 MPa (125,000 psi). The flaw size resolution limit of the flaw detection apparatus is 3.0 mm (0.12 in.). If the design stress is one-half of the yield strength and the value of Y is 1.0, determine whether or not a critical flaw for this plate is subject to detection.

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EXPERT ANSWER